Yunnan cuisine

Yunnan cuisine is an amalgam of Han Chinese and cuisines. As the province with the largest number of , Yunnan has a great variety of food, and it is difficult to make generalisations. Many Yunnanese dishes are quite spicy, and mushrooms feature prominently. Another important characteristic of Yunnan cuisine is the wide use of flowers as food.

Famous dishes

*''Boluo fan'' 菠萝饭
*''Guoqiao mixian'' 过桥米线
*''Qi guo ji'' 气锅鸡
*'''' 普洱茶
*''Yiliang Roast Duck'' 宜良烤鴨 crispy skin roast duck similar to Peking duck but uses honey on to crisp and colour the skin and roasted with pine branches and needles, which imparts a unique flavour on the duck.
*''Shiping doufu'' 石屏豆腐
*''Erkuai'' 饵块
*''Rubing'' 乳并
*''''

Yunnan Bulls

Yunnan Honghe Bulls or Yunnan Honghe or Yunnan Bulls are a basketball team in the South Division of the Chinese Basketball Association, based in , Yunnan .

They won the 2004 championship and were promoted to the CBA for the 2004–2005 season, replacing the disqualified Beijing Olympians.

In the 2004–2005 season, the Yunnan Bulls finished in fourth place in the South Division and upset the North Division's Liaoning Hunters in the quarter-finals, but lost in the semi-finals to the Jiangsu Dragons. In 2005–2006 they again finished in fourth place in the South Division, but were eliminated by the North Division's Beijing Ducks in the quarter-finals.

Yingjiang County

=
| Yiliang County || 彝良县 || 彝良縣 || Yíliáng Xi?n
|-
| Weixin County || 威信县 || 威信縣 || Wēixìn Xiàn
|-
| Shuifu County || 水富县 || 水富縣 || Shuǐfù Xiàn
|-
| rowspan=5 | Lijiang City
丽江市
麗江市
Lìjiāng Shì
| Gucheng District || 古城区 || 古城區 || Gǔchéng Qū
|-
| Yongsheng County || 永胜县 || 永勝縣 || Yǒngshèng Xiàn
|-
| Huaping County || 华坪县 || 華坪縣 || Huápíng Xiàn
|-
| Yulong Naxi Autonomous County || 玉龙纳西族自治县 || 玉龍納西族自治縣 || Yùlóng Nàxīzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| Ninglang Yi Autonomous County || 宁蒗彝族自治县 || 寧蒗彝族自治縣 || Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| rowspan=10 | Pu'er City
普洱市
普洱市
Pǔ'ěr Shì
| Simao District || 思茅区 || 思茅區 || Sīmáo Qū
|-
| || 宁洱哈尼族
彝族自治县 || 寧洱哈尼族
彝族自治縣 || Níng'ěr Hānízú
Yízú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| Mojiang Hani Autonomous County || 墨江哈尼族自治县 || 墨江哈尼族自治縣 || Mòjiāng Hānízú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| Jingdong Yi Autonomous County || 景东彝族自治县 || 景東彝族自治縣 || Jǐngdōng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| || 景谷傣族
彝族自治县 || 景谷傣族
彝族自治縣 || Jǐnggǔ Dǎizú
Yízú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| || 镇沅彝族哈尼族
拉祜族自治县 || 鎮沅彝族哈尼族
拉祜族自治縣 || Zhènyuán Yízú Hānízú
Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| || 江城哈尼族
彝族自治县 || 江城哈尼族
彝族自治縣 || Jiāngchéng Hānízú
Yízú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| || 孟连傣族拉祜族
佤族自治县 || 孟連傣族拉祜族
佤族自治縣 || Mènglián Dǎizú Lāhùzú
Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| Lancang Lahu Autonomous County || 澜沧拉祜族自治县 || 瀾滄拉祜族自治縣 || Láncāng Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| Ximeng Va Autonomous County || 西盟佤族自治县 || 西盟佤族自治縣 || Xīméng Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| rowspan=8 | Lincang City
临沧市
臨滄市
Líncāng Shì
| Linxiang District || 临翔区 || 臨翔區 || Línxiáng Qū
|-
| Fengqing County || 凤庆县 || 鳳慶縣 || Fèngqìng Xiàn
|-
| Yun County || 云县 || 雲縣 || Yún Xiàn
|-
| Yongde County || 永德县 || 永德縣 || Yǒngdé Xiàn
|-
| Zhenkang County || 镇康县 || 鎮康縣 || Zhènkāng Xiàn
|-
| || 双江拉祜族佤族
布朗族傣族自治县 || 雙江拉祜族佤族
布朗族傣族自治縣 || Shuāngjiāng Lāhùzú Wǎzú
Bùlǎngzú ǎizú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| || 耿马傣族
佤族自治县 || 耿馬傣族
佤族自治縣 || Gěngmǎ Dǎizú
Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| Cangyuan Va Autonomous County || 沧源佤族自治县 || 滄源佤族自治縣 || Cāngyuán Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| rowspan=5 |
德宏傣族景颇族自治州
德宏傣族景頗族自治州
Déhóng Dǎizú
Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu
| || 潞西市 || 潞西市 || Lùxī Shì
|-
| Ruili City || 瑞丽市 || 瑞麗市 || Ruìlì Shì
|-
| Lianghe County || 梁河县 || 梁河縣 || Liánghé Xiàn
|-
| Yingjiang County || 盈江县 || 盈江縣 || Yíngjiāng Xiàn
|-
| || 陇川县 || 隴川縣 || Lǒngchuān Xiàn
|-
| rowspan=4 |
怒江傈僳族自治州
怒江傈僳族自治州
Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu
| Lushui County || 泸水县 || 瀘水縣 || Lúshuǐ Xiàn
|-
| Fugong County || 福贡县 || 福貢縣 || Fúgòng Xiàn
|-
| || 贡山独龙族
怒族自治县 || 貢山獨龍族
怒族自治縣 || Gòngshān Dúlóngzú
Nùzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| || 兰坪白族
普米族自治县 || 蘭坪白族
普米族自治縣|| Lánpíng Báizú
Pǔmǐzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| rowspan=3 |
迪庆藏族自治州
迪慶藏族自治州
Díqìng Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu
| Shangri-La County || 香格里拉县 || 香格裡拉縣 || Xiānggélǐlā Xiàn
|-
| Deqin County || 德钦县 || 德欽縣 || Déqīn Xiàn
|-
| Weixi Lisu Autonomous County || 维西傈僳族自治县 || 維西傈僳族自治縣 || Wéixī Lìsùzú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| rowspan=12 |
大理白族自治州
大理白族自治州
Dàlǐ Báizú Zìzhìzhōu
| City || 大理市 || 大理市 || Dàlǐ Shì
|-
| Xiangyun County || 祥云县 || 祥雲縣 || Xiángyún Xiàn
|-
| Binchuan County || 宾川县 || 賓川縣 || Bīnchuān Xiàn
|-
| Midu County || 弥渡县 || 彌渡縣 || Mídù Xiàn
|-
| Yongping County || 永平县 || 永平縣 || Yǒngpíng Xiàn
|-
| Yunlong County || 云龙县 || 雲龍縣 || Yúnlóng Xiàn
|-
| Eryuan County || 洱源县 || 洱源縣 || ?ryuán Xiàn
|-
| Jianchuan County || 剑川县 || 劍川縣 || Jiànchuān Xiàn
|-
| Heqing County || 鹤庆县 || 鶴慶縣 || Hèqìng Xiàn
|-
| Yangbi Yi Autonomous County || 漾濞彝族自治县 || 漾濞彝族自治縣 || Yàngbì Yízú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| Nanjian Yi Autonomous County || 南涧彝族自治县 || 南澗彝族自治縣 || Nánjiàn Yízú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| || 巍山彝族
回族自治县 || 巍山彝族
回族自治縣 || Wēishān Yízú
Huízú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| rowspan=10 |
楚雄彝族自治州
楚雄彝族自治州
Chǔxióng Yízú Zìzhìzhōu
| Chuxiong City || 楚雄市 || 楚雄市 || Chǔxióng Shì
|-
| Shuangbai County || 双柏县 || 雙柏縣 || Shuāngbǎi Xiàn
|-
| Mouding County || 牟定县 || 牟定縣 || Móudìng Xiàn
|-
| Nanhua County || 南华县 || 南華縣 || Nánhuá Xiàn
|-
| Yao'an County || 姚安县 || 姚安縣 || Yáo'ān Xiàn
|-
| Dayao County || 大姚县 || 大姚縣 || Dàyáo Xiàn
|-
| Yongren County || 永仁县 || 永仁縣 || Yǒngrén Xiàn
|-
| Yuanmou County || 元谋县 || 元謀縣 || Yuánmóu Xiàn
|-
| Wuding County || 武定县 || 武定縣 || Wǔdìng Xiàn
|-
| Lufeng County || 禄丰县 || 祿豐縣 || Lùfēng Xiàn
|-
| rowspan=13 |
红河哈尼族彝族自治州
紅河哈尼族彝族自治州
Hónghé Hānízú
Yízú Zìzhìzhōu
| Mengzi County || 蒙自县 || 蒙自縣 || Méngzì Xiàn
|-
| Gejiu City || 个旧市 || 個舊市 || Gèjiù Shì
|-
| City || 开远市 || 開遠市 || Kāiyuǎn Shì
|-
| Lüchun County || 绿春县 || 綠春縣 || Lǜchūn Xiàn
|-
| Jianshui County || 建水县 || 建水縣 || Jiànshuǐ Xiàn
|-
| Shiping County || 石屏县 || 石屏縣 || Shípíng Xiàn
|-
| Mile County || 弥勒县 || 彌勒縣 || Mílè Xiàn
|-
| || 泸西县 || 瀘西縣 || Lúxī Xiàn
|-
| || 元阳县 || 元陽縣 || Yuányáng Xiàn
|-
| Honghe County || 红河县 || 紅河縣 || Hónghé Xiàn
|-
| || 金平苗族瑶族
傣族自治县 || 金平苗族瑤族
傣族自治縣 || Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú
Dǎizú ìzhìxiàn
|-
| Hekou Yao Autonomous County || 河口瑶族自治县 || 河口瑤族自治縣 || Hékǒu Yáozú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| Pingbian Miao Autonomous County || 屏边苗族自治县 || 屏邊苗族自治縣 || Píngbiān Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn
|-
| rowspan = 8 |
文山壮族苗族自治州
文山壯族苗族自治州
Wénshān Zhuàngzú
Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu
| Wenshan County || 文山县 || 文山縣 || Wénshān Xiàn
|-
| Yanshan County || 砚山县 || 硯山縣 || Yànshān Xiàn
|-
| Xichou County || 西畴县 || 西疇縣 || Xīchóu Xiàn
|-
| Malipo County || 麻栗坡县 || 麻栗坡縣 || Málìpō Xiàn
|-
| Maguan County || 马关县 || 馬關縣 || Mǎguān Xiàn
|-
| Qiubei County || 丘北县 || 丘北縣 || Qiūběi Xiàn
|-
| Guangnan County || 广南县 || 廣南縣 || Guǎngnán Xiàn
|-
| Funing County || 富宁县 || 富寧縣 || Fùníng Xiàn
|-
| rowspan = 3 |
西双版纳傣族自治州
西雙版�

Hekou Yao Autonomous County

The Hekou Yao Autonomous County is an in the southern part of the Yunnan province of China. It is part of the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture and borders the northern Vietnamese town of Lao Cai.

Transport

There are bus route to all destinations within Yunnan, including a overnight sleeper service from Kunming. More destinations can be reached by transfer in Mengzi.

Erkuai

Erkuai is a type of rice cake particular to the Yunnan Province of southwest China.

The name literally means "ear piece," a reference to the shape of one of its common forms. It is often served served with vegetables, and , a fiery mixture of dried red , Sichuan pepper, and salt. It is also sold as the popular street food ''k?o ?rkuāi'' , grilled and rolled around a '''' , with sweet or savory condiments added, making a rolled-up snack resembling a Mexican burrito.
The sweet type contains a sweet brown sauce and peanuts, while the savory type is spread with '''' and bean sprouts, and various other toppings. ''K?o ?rkuāi'' is particularly popular in the tourist area of .

Its peculiar name has led to it being called one of the Eighteen Oddities in Yunnan.

Eighteen Oddities in Yunnan

Eighteen Oddities in Yunnan are eighteen unique traits of the Yunnan province of southwest China. The oddities, which are as follows, are generally presented in the form of a list, which is promulgated in promotional materials advertising the province to foreign and domestic tourists.

# are tied up sold in rope-like clusters
#Bamboo hats are used as wok lids
#Three mosquitoes make up a dish - mosquitoes are so large that it is said that just three mosquitoes are large enough to make a meal
#Bamboo is used to make water pipes for smoking
#Erkuai - a local culinary specialty made of rice, whose name translates literally as "ear piece"
#The same dress is worn for all four seasons - clothing for all four seasons may be seen on a single day in Yunnan, as climatic conditions may vary widely according to altitude and region
#Young girls are called "Old Lady"
#Automobiles move faster than trains
#Toes are exposed all year round
#Rain here but sunshine there - the weather is often variable between areas just a few kilometers apart
#Girls wear flowers in all four seasons
#Girls carry tobacco bags
#Green vegetable is called "bitter vegetable"
#Grannies climb mountains faster than monkeys
#Trains go abroad but not inland
#Monks can have love affairs
#Children are raised by men - Yunnan women have a reputation for being hard-working, thus many men stay home to take care of their children
#Automobiles move in the clouds - many roads are high in the mountains

The items on the list are not fixed, so other versions of the list may include other oddities, as follows:

#Stone grows in the clouds - Yunnan's , or Stone Forest resembles stalagmites growing out of the ground
#Locusts or grasshoppers are eaten as a delicacy
#Fresh flowers are served as a vegetable
#Water and fire are worshiped as gods
#People sing rather than speak
#Tea leaves are sold in piles
#Non-slanting walls are built with cobblestones
#Keys are hung on waist belts
#Small, lean horses are hard-working
#Fresh fruits and vegetables are available in all four seasons

Dongjing (music)

Dongjing music or donjiang is a type of Chinese ritual music traditionally performed by the Nakhi people of Yunnan.

History

Prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China, most Han towns and cities in Yunnan contained Dongjing associations, exclusive religious socities oriented around worship of the Taoist deity Wenchang. The term ''Dongjing'' is an abbreviation of the title of the Taoist scripture ''Dadong Xianjing'' , or "Immortals' Book of the Great Grotto". The Dongjing associations also performed highly regarded music during their ceremonies. The most prominent Dongjing associations were located in Dayan, Baisha, Shuhe, and Lasha.

From 1949 to 1978, the Dongjing associations were suppressed under Communist rule. In the 1980s, when this grip was loosened, there was a major revival of dongjing music.

Performance

Unlike most Naxi music, dongjing uses Chinese titles, Chinese instruments, heterophonic ''sizhu'' style, and Chinese gongche notation. Often, the orchestra will include the wooden ''muyu'' fish, the ''pipa'', ''sugudu'', and ''sanxian'' lutes, the reed pipe, and the ''qin'' and ''zheng'' zithers.

In the pre-1949 rituals, participants had to be male, virtuous and honorable , and they had to donate to the association. Because of these requirements, and as evidenced by the Sinicized repertoire, performances and rituals could be seen as asserting the Dongjing members' elite status within the Naxi community. Semiannual sacrifices were made to Confucius, and biannual rituals were performed for Wenchang and Guan Yu.

2008 Yingjiang earthquakes

The 2008 Yingjiang Earthquakes were a series of major earthquakes ranging from surface wave magnitude 4.1 to 5.9 that struck Yingjiang County, Yunnan privince, China between August 19 and September 3, 2008. It caused 5 deaths, 21 serious injuries, and  2.7 billion in direct economic damage.

Earthquake Details

According to the China Earthquake Administration and its subordinate , a M_s 5.0 earthquake struck Yingjiang County, Yunnan province, China on August 20, 2008 at 05:35:09 China Standard Time . A CEA report published on September 17

Sequence of earthquakes

Note: Earthquakes #4 and after are not included in CEA summary; earthquake #2 is unaccounted for in CENC data base.

Response, casualties, and intensities

According to CEA, these earthquakes caused 5 deaths and 21 serious injuries. Through , the provincial government invoked Level IV emergence response protocol in the relief. Affected people amounted to 209,605, roughly 2/3 of the total population in affected areas. Direct financial damages amounted to RMB 1.3 billion. In addition to building damages, the heaviest infrastructure damages occurred to water resources facilities.

On the map published by CEA, maximum intensity of these earthquakes reached liedu VIII on China Seismic Intensity Scale , which is somewhat equivalent to VIII on from which CSIS drew reference. Liedu-VIII zone spans 26 km² near the epicenter. Total area of liedu VI and above is a north-south oval of 4,511 km².

HIV/AIDS in Yunnan

's first AIDS case was identified in 1985 in a dying tourist. In 1989, the first indigenous cases were reported as an outbreak in 146 infected heroin users in Yunnan province, near China's border.

Heroin flow

Heroin flows into Yunnan Province from neighboring Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar, bringing with it HIV. The province's first cases were reported in 1989. With a population of 44 million, Yunnan now has only 200 health workers trained for the disease. Officials estimate that the province has 80,000 infected people, most of them intravenous drug users who have spread the disease by sharing needles. In Gejiu, a city of 310,000 people on a route favored by drug traffickers, initial rounds of AIDS testing in recent years found more than 1,000 people with HIV, nearly all drug users or prostitutes. Unlike some other provinces, Yunnan has welcomed international nonprofit groups and support from , Australia and, more recently, the United States.

'3 Needles'

''3 Needles'' is a 2005 dramatic film depicting the lives of people in Yunnan during the survival of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. One of the film's protagonists, a pregnant black-market operative played by Lucy Liu, makes her living as a blood smuggler. When several blood donors begin to get sick and die, she realize the jeopardy for entire village's safety and beyond. ''3 Needles'' is an attempt to visualize the profound experience of Gao Yaojie and many others as we can read in The New York Times sequel.

Needle exchange

Since 2001, the of the State Council of the People's Republic of China has officially advocated needle social marketing as an HIV prevention measure. Evidence from research and study tours to countries such as Australia, which runs successful needle exchange programmes, prompted the Ministry of Health to support the first such programme in Yunnan province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 1999. On the basis of the successes of the pilot, the programme began scale-up in 2004 and plans are in place to open an additional 1500 methadone maintenance treatment clinics for about 300 000 heroin users by 2008. A National Training Centre for methadone maintenance treatment has been established in Yunnan to provide clinical and technical support.

Commercial sex

Commercial sex work is illegal in China; hence, brothels are illegal and commercial sex workers operate out of places of entertainment , hotels, hair-dressing salons, or on the street. The traditional strategy for controlling HIV transmission through commercial sex workers has been the development of stricter laws to prevent risky behaviours, accompanied by raids on suspected sex establishments by public security officials. In 1996–97, following the success of prevention interventions in neighbouring Thailand, the launched the first intervention projects to promote safer sex behaviours to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases in commercial sex workers working at entertainment establishments in Yunnan.

Numbers

In 2002, a United Nations-commissioned report, entitled ''China’s Titanic peril'', estimating that China had about 1 million cases of HIV, and that it was on the brink of an “explosive HIV/AIDS epidemic…with an imminent risk to widespread dissemination to the general population”. The report continued: “a potential HIV/AIDS disaster of unimaginable proportion now lies in wait.” A few months later, the US National Intelligence Council estimated that 1-2 million people were living with HIV in China, and predicted 10–15 million cases by 2010. Other reports at this time were similarly pessimistic: from the Center for Strategic and International Studies , HIV/AIDS was referred to as China’s timebomb; and from the American Enterprise Institute as the AIDS typhoon. However, as Wu and colleagues note, by 2006 the number of people living with HIV/AIDS is estimated to be 650 000—a figure revised downwards by 200 000 from 2005. After a slow start and reluctance to recognise the existence of risk activities in its population and of the HIV epidemic, China has responded to international influences, media coverage, and scientific evidence to take bold steps to control the epidemic, using scientifically validated strategies. A Joint Assessment of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in China , developed jointly by UNAIDS and the State Council of China, estimated that China had 840 000 people living with HIV/AIDS. This figure has been revised down to 650 000 in 2005 in light of more representative data collection and more appropriate estimation methods.

Yunnan ahead

Yunnan province has shown strong support for implementation and advocacy of harm-reduction strategies that reduce HIV transmission in its many drug users, whereas Henan province had been slower to respond to the needs of former plasma donors in the early stages of the epidemic. The distribution of HIV in China is not even, and is concentrated in areas with high drug use and in areas where people were infected through unsafe blood or plasma donation . The number of cases ranges dramatically between provinces , with, for example, just 20 cases reported from Tibet but well over 40 000 in neighbouring Yunnan.